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Quick summary

Pilots are trained to manage workload and anticipate challenges to maintain safety during flight, especially during approach and landing.
Effective workload management involves proactive planning, clear communication and using the appropriate autopilot modes for each situation.
Threat analysis is structured in three levels: notice, understand and think ahead, with the highest level involving proactive strategies to address potential issues before they arise.
Stable approach procedures serve as a final safety net, requiring specific criteria to be met before landing and mandating a go-round if these are not achieved.

What to consider

Workload increases can lead to tunnel vision and missed cues, making proactive planning and clear communication essential.
Pilots use different autopilot modes—vertical navigation, flight level change and vertical speed—depending on descent needs and airspace constraints.
Stable approach procedures require the aircraft to meet specific parameters at 1,000 feet above ground, with a go-round mandated if these are not met.

What you'll miss from the article

A detailed explanation of how pilots use structured threat analysis and time management techniques to maintain safety and reduce stress during dynamic flight situations.

Generated by AI with support from our editorial team.

Being overloaded makes humans do funny things. Our focus narrows on the task at hand, tunnel vision sets in and it becomes difficult to notice other things. Our brain shuts out other senses and our hearing is the first to go.

Have you been driving your car on the motorway in heavy rain, only to realize minutes later that your indicator was flashing away? In hindsight, it was obvious that it was still flashing, but due to being so focused on the road ahead, you missed this obvious sign.

Pilots are not immune to these human reactions. We, too, suffer from the same physiological responses with the onset of stress. However, as part of our training, we are made acutely aware of the dangers and learn to process to deal with them.

Staying ahead of the aircraft

Flying an aircraft is a dynamic environment. When you're moving forward at a minimum of 2.5 miles a minute, situations unfold quickly. Unlike when driving a car, there is no option for us to just pull over and take a break.

As a result, we must always be "ahead of the aircraft," predicting what is about to happen and being proactive in developing a scenario rather than being reactive. To enable us to do this and deliver our passengers safely to their destination, our training teaching us to manage our workload effectively.

The higher the workload, the more overloaded we become and thus have less capacity to notice other things going on around us — just like in the video above. Therefore, the primary objective of a good crew is to manage their workload to keep it at an absolute minimum.

Approach brief

Managing the workload during the approach and landing starts back in the calm of the cruise. Before starting the descent, pilots will always carry out a briefing between themselves. As part of this, we discuss what we expect to do from starting our descent, all the way up to parking on the gate.

However, verbalizing what we expect to do is only half of the story. The most important part is how we plan to do this.

When flying an aircraft like the 787 Dreamliner, there are often a number of ways to do the same thing. For example, when descending the aircraft to a lower altitude there are three methods we can use.

The first, and most commonly used autopilot mode is VNAV or vertical navigation. When flying a descent in VNAV, the autopilot will fly the profile as defined by the pilots in the flight management computer (FMC). Certain navigation points will have altitude restrictions and VNAV will ensure that these are met. When flying in VNAV, the rate of descent will vary to match the descent profile. This is particularly useful when flying into somewhere like Los Angeles.

American Airlines Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner aircraft with registration N818AL landing at Athens International Airport AIA LGAV / ATH in Greece during a sunny summer day. The airplane has 2x GEnx engines. American Airlines AA AAL has headquarters in Fort Worth, Dallas, Texas, USA and connects seasonal mostly for summer holidays the Greek capital Athens to Chicago - O'Hare airport and Philadelphia. The airline, a major US carrier is member of Oneworld aviation alliance, has a fleet of 965 airplanes and is the largest airline in the world. (Photo by Nicolas Economou/NurPhoto via Getty Images) — There are a number of ways to fly a descent in a 787 Dreamliner. (Photo by Nicolas Economou/NurPhoto/Getty Images)

If there are no altitude restrictions on the descent and we want to descend quickly, the use of flight level change (FLCH) mode is a better option than VNAV. This autopilot mode brings the engine power near to idle and allows the aircraft to descend at the speed determined by the pilots.

However, certain arrivals, like into London Heathrow, normally require aircraft to enter a holding pattern before starting the final approach. At this stage, with aircraft sitting just 1,000 feet above each other in the stack, a much slower rate of descent is preferred. To do this, we use the vertical speed (V/S) mode.

All three modes are acceptable ways of flying the aircraft, however, one may be more appropriate than the others in a certain situation. By verbalizing which method we plan to use, the other pilots know what to expect. Any unannounced change from this plan is a good indication that the workload has increased and the pilot may be in danger of being overloaded.

Identifying threats

Not only does the brief give us an opportunity to talk about what we expect to do and how we will fly the aircraft, but it also enables us to identify any threats, reducing our workload later in the approach.

Elements such as terrain, thunderstorms, tail winds and other aircraft can all ramp up the workload in an instant should the crew be unprepared. Therefore, to ensure that we are not caught out, we will discuss how any of these will be a factor for our arrival.

However, it's not just a matter of saying "the wind at the destination could change direction."

Whilst this identifies the threat, it does nothing to help reduce the workload. Threat analysis comes in three levels and is known as NUTA -- notice, understand and think ahead.

Notice

The notice level is the most basic level of threat analysis. Using the example above, a pilot sees on the weather report that the wind could change direction. This is all well and good to have noticed this fact, but so what? What does this actually mean for how it will impact the approach?

Operating at the notice level doesn't help reduce the workload. It merely identifies a fact which needs developing.

Pilots prefer to takeoff and landing into the wind. (Photo by aviation-images.com/Universal Images Group/Getty Images)

Understand

The understand stage takes the observation and turns it into something that the crew can use to their advantage. Continuing the example from above, as the wind could change direction, it might mean that the runway in use for landing could change. This is because it's preferable for aircraft to land into the wind.

This has developed from the basic notice level into something which is of better use to the crew. They now understand how this change in wind direction could impact the arrival. While this is certainly a better level to operate at, it still won't keep the workload to a minimum later in the flight.

For a normal descent, approach and landing, we normally fly a 3-degree path meaning that we require three miles of horizontal distance for every 1,000 feet of height we need to lose. When approaching the airport, a last-minute change of runway could result in fewer miles to touchdown, leaving us high on the approach path.

What's needed is proactive thinking as opposed to reactive thinking. This comes from the top level of situational awareness. To truly understand the meaning of a particular threat, we must be operating at the think ahead level.

Think ahead

In order to keep the workload to a minimum, a good crew will take the information from the understand level and think ahead to see how they can stop this from becoming a problem before it happens.

If we know that the runway in use may change, we may plan to start the descent a littler earlier and fly slightly below the planned descent path, terrain permitting. Even better, we may also discuss the approach to the other runway during the approach brief.

As a result, if the runway in use does indeed change, not only will we already be on the descent profile for the new runway, we will also have discussed how we will fly the new approach. The end result is a much lower workload giving us greater capacity to keep an eye on other things.

Make time for yourself

Time management is another key skill to being a good pilot. Effective use of time can mean the difference between a calm, relaxed flight deck and a stressed, overloaded flight deck. Ultimately, how time is utilized is down to the crew.

The most obvious limitation on time available to a crew is the fuel remaining in the tanks. However, this is rarely an issue due to the extra fuel that we carry on every flight. What tends to cause the most issues is the notion of perceived time.

The perception of time can be affected by stress. (Photo by BraunS/Getty Images)

Take, for example, our approach to a single runway airport as above. As mentioned, we always try to take off and land into wind as it helps with the performance of the aircraft. This is particularly important on landing as a tail wind greatly increased the amount of runway required to stop safely.

If a crew is operating at the think ahead level in anticipation of the runway change, they may already be flying a decent profile in preparation for the change. However, even if they are not, there are still options available to them.

When notified of a runway change when already in the descent, the workload in the flight deck immediately increases. If you were to be sat in the jump seat watching the crew, you'd be able to sense the heightened alert level.

The crew need to shift their mental model from the original plan onto a new one. They have to be adaptable to the dynamic situation. This is exactly why a good crew will talk through this possibility in the calm of the approach brief.

Increasing workload

However, even if they didn't do this, it's not the end of the world. The key here is to make time for themselves. It will take an experienced crew a couple of minutes to reprogram the FMC and check that all the information is correct. They will then need to rebrief the new approach, making sure that the pertinent information is covered.

During this time, one pilot must always be flying the aircraft. They must ensure that they are complying with ATC instructions whilst keeping the aircraft clear of any terrain. Any distraction from this task could be catastrophic for the flight.

(FILES) - A photo taken on September 24, 2008 shows pilots in the cockpit of an Airbus A320 at Cengkareng airport in Jakarta. One of the two pilots on the Germanwings flight that crashed in the French Alps was locked out of the cockpit before the plane went down, killing 150 people, a source close to the investigation told AFP on March 26, 2015. All 150 people on board, including two babies and 16 German school exchange pupils, died when the Germanwings flight 4U 9525 from Barcelona to Duesseldorf smashed into the mountains after an eight-minute descent. AFP PHOTO / ADEK BERRY (Photo credit should read ADEK BERRY/AFP/Getty Images) — A runway change during the descent increases the workload. (Photo by ADEK BERRY/AFP/Getty Images)

Briefing for the new approach whilst flying a descent requires extra attention. The greater the workload, the harder it becomes to process other important information. Tunnel vision sets in. Radio calls are missed and frequencies are miss-identified. If the pilot flying the aircraft is so focused on that job, they may miss things which are being mentioned by the other pilot as part of the brief.

Very quickly, a scenario which could have been avoided by operating at the think ahead level in the cruise is resulting in confusion between the pilots and the aircraft getting high and fast on the approach.

As the workload increases, the stress increases. Instead of the pilots being ahead of the aircraft, the aircraft is now ahead of them. The crew perceive that time is being compressed. A dangerous situation is developing.

Slow it down

This kind of situation requires calm and clear thinking by the crew to be able to make time. The obvious thing to do from the moment of being advised of the runway change is to slow down. The slower you fly, the more time you create for yourself. This is quite often enough to reduce the stress and do all the tasks required.

If slowing down still doesn't create enough time, there is one final option. A good approach brief will have discussed how much spare fuel the crew has available. With that in mind, if they still feel rushed and not ready to start the approach, the crew can request to take up a holding pattern.

Here, they can go round in circles for as long as they need (or have fuel) whilst they set up for the new approach in a calm and relaxed fashion. Once they feel ready, they can start the approach. Yes, this takes time and may result in a delay, but delivering the passengers safely to their destination takes priority over punctuality.

Stable approach procedure

Finding yourself high and fast on an approach is never a comfortable position to be in. The more your attention goes to getting the aircraft down, the less you notice elsewhere in the flight deck.

If a crew have not taken advantage of any of the options available to them mentioned above, the closer they get to the ground, the more overworked and stressed they will become.

However, there is one final procedure most airlines mandate, designed to save a crew from disaster -- the stable approach procedure.

Excessive energy on touchdown can lead to a runway excursion (Image - aviation-safety.net) — Continuing to land from an unstable approach can lead to a runway excursion. (Photo by aviation-safety.net)

When the aircraft descends through 1,000 feet above the ground, all the pilots in the flight deck must confirm that the aircraft has met certain parameters for landing. The aircraft must be at or close to its final approach speed, on the correct vertical profile and in the landing configuration (landing gear down and landing flap set).

If these criteria have been satisfied, the aircraft is declared as “stable” and may continue the approach to land. If any of these have not been met, the aircraft is “unstable”‘ and a go-round must be flown. Not only must these parameters be met at the 1,000-foot point, they must also be maintained all the way to touch down. If not, a go-round must be flown. It is the crew who have the responsibility to ensure that this procedure is adhered to.

The thinking behind the stable approach policy is that if a crew reach 1,000 feet and haven't fulfilled the criteria, chances are that they have ended up in this situation because they are overloaded. If they are so overloaded that they were still high and fast, what else might they have missed? What other switches and aircraft systems may be in the incorrect configuration for landing?

Bottom line

As a result, the stable approach procedure is a final safety net to catch an overloaded crew. It gives them a final opportunity to break off from the approach before a potential disaster occurs. Most airlines will never question their crew if they performed a go-round if they were unstable. However, a crew will find themselves in trouble if they continue to land off an unstable approach.

Pilots and the procedures set out by their airlines are there to ensure that passengers are flown to their destination as safely as possible. By identifying the main threats to an arrival and coming up with a plan on how to deal with them in advance keeps our workload to a minimum. Even if the workload does ramp up, there are procedures in place to help catch errors in the system.

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