In a letter to the airlines, seen by TPG, Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg called on the carriers to provide substantial records and information about the programs.
"These programs can shape how customers interact with airlines," Buttigieg said in the letter, "and many Americans reportedly have point balances substantial enough that they amount to part of their savings."
The four airlines included in the probe are American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines and Southwest Airlines.
The formal probe comes nearly nine months after the DOT first launched a preliminary investigation into potential unfair or deceptive practices within the programs and follows a hearing on rewards programs in Washington, D.C., that was held jointly by the DOT and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau this spring.
In an order attached to Thursday's letter, the DOT laid out requests for a wide range of specific information and details, offering a glimpse into the direction the investigation will take. A template of the full letter and attached order can be viewed at the bottom of this story.
The order called on the airlines to share the complete details of earning and redeeming awards, how valuations are set, fees that passengers pay and the specifics of the agreements with cobranded credit card partners. Airlines were also instructed to detail and explain every change made to their rewards programs between July 31, 2018, and this summer.
Rewards programs have become increasingly important parts of the U.S. airline business model in recent years, adding, in some cases, billions of dollars annually to carriers' bottom lines.
The majority of that revenue comes from selling miles in bulk to their banking partners that issue cobranded credit cards. The banks pay airlines for the miles, which they then distribute to cardholders as rewards for spending.
Value check: Are airline credit cards worth it anymore?
Airline loyalty programs have increasingly drawn the attention of federal regulators and lawmakers in recent years.
Last October, Senate Judiciary Committee chair Dick Durbin, a Democrat from Illinois, and Sen. Roger Marshall, a Republican from Kansas, called on the DOT and the CFPB to detail their enforcement action of the programs amid "troubling reports that airlines are engaged in unfair, abusive, and deceptive practices with respect to these loyalty programs."
That request came six weeks after Delta announced changes to the elite statuses in its SkyMiles frequent flyer program. Those changes, some of which the airline partially walked back while leaving others in place, drew customer ire and served to underscore the unilateral control that the airlines hold over the programs, along with the few restrictions or regulatory statutes surrounding them.
Durbin and Marshall, along with other legislators, have separately sponsored legislation that would affect the payment networks used by some credit card issuers. Airlines and issuers have lobbied against the legislation (as has The Points Guy, citing the possibility that rewards programs would be negatively affected by the proposed law).
In a statement, Airlines for America, the trade organization and lobbying group for U.S. carriers, said that frequent flyer programs allow airlines to reward customers and better compete with each other.
"Millions of people enjoy being a part of various loyalty programs, which allow them to accumulate rewards to apply toward travel or other benefits," Airlines for America said in the statement. "U.S. carriers are transparent about these programs, and policymakers should ensure that consumers can continue to be offered these important benefits."
A spokesperson for Southwest said in a statement that the airline's Rapid Rewards program provides flexibility and benefits for customers, and noted that the airline had recently doubled the industry average number of seats booked with points.
Spokespeople for American and United deferred comment to Airlines for America, while Delta did not immediately return TPG's request for comment.
DOT Template Letter on Airline Rewards Inquiry by David Slotnick on Scribd
Related reading:
- The best time to book flights for the cheapest airfare
- Best airline credit cards
- What exactly are airline miles, anyway?
- 6 real-life strategies you can use when your flight is canceled or delayed
- Maximize your airfare: The best credit cards for booking flights
- The best credit cards to reach elite status
